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The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September, 52 BC around the Gallic oppidum of Alesia , a major town centre and hill fort of the Mandubii tribe. It was fought by an army of the Roman Republic commanded by Julius Caesar , aided by cavalry commanders Mark Antony

Born into a patrician family, Caesar's youth was a tumultuous time in the Roman Republic . His uncle Gaius Marius was an influential populares politician and commander. In 88 BC, Rome was engulfed by a civil war between his uncle and a powerful optimates general, Sulla . Both men took

generally the fate of even the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal , to win the battle but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Contents 1 Kingdom (753

expeditions never developed into full-scale invasions. The Gallic Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul. The wars paved the way for Caesar to become the sole ruler

appointment of Julius Caesar as perpetual dictator in 44 BC, the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the Roman Senate 's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian (Augustus) under the first settlement in 27 BC, as candidates for the defining pivotal event ending

Italy , Greece , Egypt , Africa , and Hispania , Caesar defeated the last of the Optimates in the Battle of Munda and became Dictator perpetuus (Perpetual Dictator) of Rome. [ 2 ] The changes to Roman government concomitant to Caesar’s Civil War mostly eliminated the political traditions

rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by the fleet of Octavian commanded by Agrippa in 31 BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the Roman Republic , with governmental

The focus below is primarily on Roman tactics - the "how" of their approach to battle , and how it stacked up against a variety of opponents over time. It does not attempt detailed coverage of things like army structure or equipment. Various battles are summarized to illustrate Roman methods

The Political career of Marcus Tullius Cicero began in 75 BC when Marcus Tullius Cicero was elected to political office, and ended in 43 BC, when he was assassinated upon the orders of Mark Antony . Cicero, a Roman statesman , lawyer, political theorist , philosopher , and Roman constitutionalist

the conservative and aristocratic majority of the Roman Senate . When Caesar defeated him at the battle of Pharsalus he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Principate and Empire .