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and serfs . In spite of the duties imposed on the nobles by the first prominent "modernizer" of Russia , Tsar Peter I (1672–1725), and despite Catherine 's friendships with the western European thinkers of the Enlightenment (in particular Denis Diderot , Voltaire and Montesquieu ) Catherine

before becoming Empress Elizabeth, the second-oldest surviving daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine I of Russia , was born at Kolomenskoye , near Moscow, on 18 December 1709 ( O.S. ). [ 2 ] Her parents were secretly married in the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in St.Petersburg in

Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин ) (June 1, 1693 – April 21, 1768), Grand Chancellor of Russia , was one of the most influential and successful European diplomats of the 18th century. He was chiefly responsible for Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress Elizaveta

Aleksey Orlov . He was brought up in Bobriki , a village in the Tula guberniya . On April 2, 1781 Catherine sent him a letter, in which she openly avowed her maternity. She long hesitated in choosing his surname, styling him Romanov one day and Sitsky the other, but finally settled on Bobrinsky

including the title of count. [ edit ] Patronage of Lomonosov Unlike the self-seeking favourites of Catherine the Great , Shuvalov determined to put his good fortune to constructive use for the advancement of education and the promotion of fine arts in his country. A model of the enlightened

heir, her nephew, the Grand Duke Peter , later Emperor Peter III, and his wife, the Grand Duchess Catherine , later Empress Catherine II . In her memoirs, Catherine strongly implies that Paul's father was not Peter, but one of her lovers, Sergei Saltykov . Supporters of Catherine 's claim

nephew of Charles XII of Sweden ) and Anna Petrovna , a daughter of Emperor Peter the Great of Russia and his second wife, Catherine I of Russia . His mother died less than two weeks after his birth. In 1739, Peter's father died, and he became Duke of Holstein-Gottorp as Karl Peter Ulrich

throne was the support of the elite palace guard in St. Petersburg. After Peter's death, his wife Catherine I ascended the throne. But when she died in 1727 , Peter's grandson, Peter II , was crowned tsar. In 1730 Anna Ivanovna , whose father Ivan V had been co-ruler with Peter, ascended

He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into a 3-billion acre Russian Empire , a major European power. Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Children 1.3 Early reign 1.4 Great Northern War 1.5 Later years 1.6 Death

The Military history of Imperial Russia encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Empire participated. This history stretches from from its creation in 1721 by Peter the Great , until the Russian Revolution (1917) , which led to the establishment of the Soviet Union . Much of