Quark
A quark (pronounced /ˈkwɔrk/ or /ˈkwɑrk/ ) is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter . Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons , the most stable of which are protons and neutrons , the components of atomic nuclei . [ 1 ] Due to a phenomenon
Top quark
The top quark , also known as the t quark (from its symbol, t ) or truth quark , is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter . Like all quarks , the top quark is an elementary fermion with spin - 1 ⁄ 2 , and experiences all four fundamental interactions : gravitation
Standard Model
upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks . Since then, discoveries of the bottom quark (1977), the top quark (1995) and the tau neutrino (2000) have given credence to the standard model. Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the standard
Strange quark
The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s ) is the third-lightest of all quarks , a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . Strange quarks are found in hadrons , which are subatomic particles . Example of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons
Matter
focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma . [ 7 ] In physics and chemistry , matter exhibits both wave -like and particle -like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In the realm of
Up quark
The up quark or u quark (from its symbol, u ) is the lightest of all quarks , a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . It, along with the down quark , forms the neutrons (one up quark , two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark ) of atomic
Down quark
The down quark or d quark (from its symbol, d ) is the second-lightest of all quarks , a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . It, along with the up quark , forms the neutrons (one up quark , two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark ) of
Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge . It has no known components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary particle . [ 2 ] An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton . [ 9 ] The intrinsic angular momentum
Quantum chromodynamics
unproven, confinement is widely believed to be true because it explains the consistent failure of free quark searches, and it is easy to demonstrate in lattice QCD . Asymptotic freedom , which means that in very high-energy reactions, quarks and gluons interact very weakly. This prediction
