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attacked and dissolved by mineral acids , slowly reacts with water , and oxidizes in air. [ 2 ] Ytterbium has three allotropes which are called alpha, beta and gamma and whose transformation points are at −13 ° C and 795 °C. The beta form exists at room temperature and has a face

Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er 3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980

primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay products before 175 Lu are element 70 ( ytterbium ) isotopes and the primary products after are element 72 ( hafnium ) isotopes. [ edit ] History Lutetium ( Latin Lutetia meaning Paris ) was independently discovered in 1907 by

Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable element that is fairly corrosion -resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and pressure . In moist air and at higher temperatures , however, it quickly oxidizes , forming a yellowish oxide. In pure form, holmium possesses a metallic

before Tm-169 are element 68 ( erbium ) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 ( ytterbium ) isotopes. [ 5 ] [ edit ] History Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this

Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride , calcium tungstate and strontium molybdate , materials that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures. As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy which expands and contracts in

Cerium is a silvery metal, belonging to the lanthanide group. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. Cerium has the second-longest liquid range of any element: 2648 C° (795 °C to 3443 °C) or 4766 F° (1463 °F to 6229 °F). ( Thorium

In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite , after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, [ 3 ] and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria . Elemental yttrium was first isolated in

Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran , but was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors

Lanthanum is a soft, malleable, silvery white metal which has hexagonal crystal structure at room temperature. At 310 °C, lanthanum changes to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865 °C into a body-centered cubic structure. [ 2 ] Lanthanum easily oxidizes (a centimeter-sized sample